A technical reference on AI search visibility. This site sells nothing, takes no engagements and endorses no products. Consulting enquiries are handled separately at hartzer.com.

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AI search visibility

What actually gets a page cited by an AI answer

Generative and answer engines now sit between a question and the pages that answer it. This is a reference on how they select, cite and attribute sources: what the platforms document, what independent work has measured, and which widely repeated tactics have nothing behind them at all.

The house judgement

Every page leads with an evidence verdict


One judgement, stated before any prose: how much evidence stands behind the claim the page is about. It is the thing a reader came for, and it is the reason this reference is worth linking to.

The evidence scale
VerdictWhat it meansEntity pages
DocumentedThe platform documents this, or independent replication supports it.3 of 24
ObservedConsistent practitioner observation, not confirmed by the platform, and it may change without notice.6 of 24
UnsupportedWidely repeated, with no evidence behind it.15 of 24
Start here

Six pages that set the argument


The three best-documented surfaces, and three techniques that are sold constantly and supported by nothing.

All 24 reference pages →

Two axes

Surfaces, and what publishers do about them


7 pages

AI search surfaces

The products themselves — AI Overviews, AI Mode, ChatGPT search, Perplexity, Gemini, Copilot and the smaller assistants. What each one retrieves from, what it discloses about source selection, and what it reports back to publishers.

Browse the surfaces →

17 pages

Techniques and signals

What a publisher does, or is told to do, to be cited: schema markup, answer-shaped writing, chunking, entity grounding, crawler directives, tracking and attribution — each held to the evidence rather than to the consensus.

Browse the techniques →

No products, no engagements

A reference, not a pitch

Nothing here is for sale and no tool is ranked. Where a widely sold tactic has no evidence behind it, the page says so and explains why people believe it anyway.

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